Articles
Hydroforming of passenger car fuel tanks
October 24, 2002
Passenger car fuel tanks have for many years been made out of plastic. To reduce MTBE leaks in the groundwater, the Department of Energy, The State of California, and the Western States Petroleum Association are studying material alternatives such as high-strength steel, stainless steel and aluminum gas tanks.
Figure 1
a. A typical steel automobile fuel tank has an upper shell and a lower shell.
b. Conventional deep drawing is more economical for the upper shell compared to hydroforming.
c. Because of the complexity of the lower shell, it must be hydroformed to produce a fracture-free part.
Editor's Note: This column was prepared by Serhat Kaya, graduate research associate at the Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing (ERC/NSM), The Ohio State University, Professor Taylan Altan, director.
In the July/August 2002 (p. 54) issue we addressed material selection for automotive fuel tanks. This column covers manufacturing processes for fuel tank upper and lower shells and experimental results.
In the last column we compared the use of stainless steel for fuel tanks with plastic and other metals, such as high-strength steel (HSS) and aluminum. Stainless steel's main advantages are its high corrosion resistance, greater formability, and dent resistance as a result of high strain hardening.
Choosing the Correct Process
After selecting the appropriate material for a hydroforming process, the question to ask is, How do I know which process to use to manufacture the upper and the lower shells of the fuel tanks? Choosing the appropriate process to manufacture both shells is important. Figure 1 shows the upper and lower shell of an automobile fuel tank.1 Hydroforming (the basics of hydroforming were discussed in the March/April 2002 column, p. 42) is practical when conventional deep drawing fails to form a fracture-free part.
However, when the draw depth is shallow and the part is not complex, hydroforming is unnecessary because its cycle time is longer compared to conventional deep drawing.
Figure 2
FEA results show that deep drawing can be used to manufacture the upper shell without fracture.
Now, the question to ask is whether it's necessary to use hydroforming to form both parts. To answer this question, Friebe2 conducted finite element analysis (FEA) at the International Conference on Hydroforming as part of a development project to determine maximum strain after deformation.
Results indicate that the more expensive hydroforming is unnecessary to form the upper shell of the fuel tank. Figure 2 shows the FEA results, with the different colors representing part thickness changes after deformation. Light-blue sections represent maximum thinning areas shown with thickness values of 0.505 millimeter. The original sheet thickness is 0.6 mm. This result shows that the part can be made more economically by conventional deep drawing.
The process simulation and trials also demonstrate that because a conventionally deep-drawn, 0.8-mm-thick part is in the safe region, this sheet can be replaced with a 0.6-mm-thick sheet, resulting in a 25 percent weight reduction and a successful part.
Because of the lower shell's geometric complexity, the hydroforming process is needed to obtain a fracture-free part. Maximum draw depth is 80 mm in the upper shell and 150 mm in the lower shell. Differences in part designs show that the lower shell requires either a material with better formability or a different process, such as hydroforming, to form it with less thinning and no fracture.
The study3 found that using the proper process for the part has a big impact on cost-effectiveness. Figure 3 compares material thickness values, weight, and capacities for fuel tanks manufactured from plastic and steel.
Figure 3
The study compared material thickness values, weight, and capacities for fuel tanks manufactured from plastic and steel.
The comparisons show that steel tanks provide lighter and higher capacity than plastic. The main advantage of a steel tank is that gas fumes or additives do not leak, which helps to minimize ground water pollution.
Professor and Director,
Center for Precision Forming
Taylan Altan is a professor and director of the Center for Precision Forming (formerly Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing), 339 Baker Systems, 1971 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210-1271, 614-292-9267, www.cpforming.org.
The CPF conducts research and development; educates students; and organizes workshops, tutorials, and conferences for the industry in stamping, tube hydroforming, forging, and machining.
833 Featherstone Rd. 
